Wednesday, March 27, 2013

how to define variables and constants for a linux user account?

Q. Say I created a linux user account called john. John wants to create a variable called MYVAL with the value Hello World in the linux shell (bash)

MYVAL = 'Hello World'

John does not want to redeclare this variable everytime he logs in. Is there some linux config file or start up file john can declare this variable in such that it will populate every time he starts up his machine?

A. Declare them in your .bashrc file by copying and pasting that line

How to create a use on Linux, allow them to login with a certain password and make them a memeber of a group?
Q. I need to create multiple users, allow them to login with a certain passwork say "fire" and then make them members of a group? How would I do that.

A. need more info. what is the distro your using? it matters. if your using a modern full featured distro like ubuntu then you can do it through System -> Admin -> Users and Groups. If you are using a non full featured linux distro like crunchbang then you need to do it through the terminal. terminal would be "sudo adduser" without the "". you will have to add arguments to that command. for full help with that type "adduser --help" it will tell you everything you need to know. the terminal option will be available on all linux distros.

Is there a way to download the mediawiki software and run it on locally for testing purposes?
Q. I'd like to start a wiki, and I've heard that the software is free, but I don't have anywhere to host it now. Is there a way I could set it up just to run locally and not available to the outside internet? (and add pages, edit pages, create user accounts, pretty much fully use it in every way, except locally). Thanks!

A. No problem. I have it running at home on a Linux box with Apache.

You'll need to start by installing a web server. Apache is free, and if you have Windows you can try IIS. There are plenty of tutorials on installing Mediawiki on both.



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In linux how do I set a time for my computer to shut down?

Q. Is there a way I can leave my computer on to download something but have it set so that it stops the download and shuts down at a certain time?
I'm using dream linux.

A. you can use the command "shutdown -P time". With this command, the computer will shutdown after the given time in minutes. For ex: "Shutdown -P 30" will turn off the computer after 30 minutes

Other possibilities are to use "at" or "cron",
"at" will automatically perform a given command at the given time only once (remember that: only once).
"cron" will repetitively perform the given command at every given time (for ex: every hour, every day or every month, etc...
For explication of "at" and "cron": you can see this page: http://www.linux.org/lessons/interm/c622.html

In your situation, Using "shutdown" is the best because your task isn't repetitive and "shutdown" is much more easier to use than "at" or "cron".

Can I delete a file I want to delete using Puppy Linux LIVE CD ?
Q. I've got vista installed and 3 files that are virus like and are hidden. I can see them when i boot my pc from live cd puppy linux When i double clicked those files and chose delete>quite they were gone. However when I tried to shutdown my pc it asked if i want to save it, i chose i dont because i used live cd , when i run vista again I saw those files i deleted are there again !

Any help?

A. Yes, you can, you need to clean the Trash before to reboot your machine. You can to delete files using the Terminal (or Console) too, with command line, enter in the windows vista installed disk with the Terminal and tip the full path to files you want to delete. But atention, take care with this, it is not possible to recover the files once deleted.

The comand line is:

rm -rf /path to virus file

If you have a doubt, send me a private message, ok?

How is it I play my windows music in Ubuntu?
Q. I'm a Windows XP user trying to switch to Ubuntu linux for no other reason than to feed my geeky hunger. I don't really play any computer games, so my main concern is how am I supposed to access my gigs of music on my Windows folder from Ubuntu? I only have 2 hard drives (if possible to work on Windows hard drive then great), no jump drives or CDs. Thanks for whatever answers. :)

A. first what type of filesystem on these partitions

look first under places > removable media
if they are there then click on it
it will be mounted to system when you do that
the linux system needs any driver to be attached (mounted ) to it's tree in order to deal with it

if they are not there
then open the terminal (accessories > terminal )
which is a shell emulator (command line interface )
then make the points you want to attach the filesystem to it
"sudo mkdir /media/My1"
where My1 is the name of the mount point to which you will attach your partition
be careful that linux is case sensitive
My_Folder is not thw same as my_folder
then
"sudo mount -t [ntfs,vfat] /dev/sd[a,b..1,2,3..] /media/My1"
you have to choose the filesystem type (vfat or ntfs )
which hard drive sda or sdb
which partition 1,2,3...
if you got an error and the filesystem type is right it will be mostly because of unclean shutdown
if you don't know the dev available
type
"ls /dev/ | grep sd"

good luck



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I want to host an online Poker Game, and i want to sell usernames and passwords where customers can buy them?

Q. Hey, I want to host an online poker game where I can control from my computer or online administration, the game should be real money game but each user will have his own prepaid username and password, I want to host the game using a VPS hosting, where can I find a good game other than PokerMavens that can do the same, preferably Linux-Game...I'm willing to pay good price for the good game

A. The best place I found to place free classified ads has got to be,

http://www.Stumblehere.com/

Because you can place 1 ad in many places simultaneously!

Does every game on linux work on every distro?
Q. I wanted to try out Linux. I wanted to either get Fedora or Ubuntu (Mostly Fedora). So I'm a PC gamer, and I wanted to try out the Steam on Linux so my question is:
Most of the games on Steam say that they require one of the three distros Ubuntu, Fedora, and Mint.
Some other games say they only require one (usually Ubuntu) which sort of makes me think that means thats the only one that it will work on. So if it list just one of the distro does that really mean it can't at all run on any other Distro?
By the way the Linux game I'm looking at is Serious Sam 3, which is one of those games that say they only require ubuntu.

A. It depends on how it's packaged.

A game developer that just releases a .deb with Ubuntu in mind just hung Fedora and SUSE users out to dry because they use .rpm packages. Of course if the source code is available one could always compile the game manually, but that doesn't mean that every "Linux program" works on every distribution by default, as they obviously don't.

Steam for Linux is still in Beta, so things are still up in air, as you've noticed with the varying system requirements; it often seems that Valve is really targetting the Ubuntu and Ubuntu-derivative segment because it thinks that's where the biggest user-base is, but I'm sure Fedora and the other rpm distros won't be completely ignored.

What is a good Linux 3-D games that does not require internet connection?
Q. I'm just looking for a good Linux 3-d game that is shooter or adventurous game that can be played without the internet.

A. try medal of honor allied assault
open arena and alien arena
half life 2
and
lot of other games for windows using wine windows emulator winehq.com



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How can i watch youtube videos in linux?

Q. i am having Debian linux. i downloaded adobe flash player for linux but it doesn't work or i don't know how to extract it?please help..

A. Use the deb:
http://fpdownload.macromedia.com/get/flashplayer/current/install_flash_player_10_linux.deb

I think you can install it with a double-click, but if not run:
sudo dpkg -i install_flash_player_10_linux.deb

What is the difference between Unix and Linux?
Q. Where can I purchase Unix? Where can Linux be downloaded from or purchased?

A. You can see some details about Linux vs Unix at http://blogs.zdnet.com/Murphy/?p=455%22%20rel=%22bookmark%22%20title=%22Permalink

There are lots of different distributions of linux, many of which are free. You can check them out at:

http://distrowatch.com/

You can also find some more Unix and Linux download links at: http://www.tech-faq.com/download-unix.shtml

How can I stop linux/ubuntu from being downloaded on my personal laptop?
Q. loaning out my laptop and don't want linux/ubuntu downloaded. How can I prevent this?

A. Don't loan your laptop to someone if you can't trust them to not download stuff you don't want on there.



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How do i find out how much memory my graphic card has ubuntu?

Q. ok im using play on linux and when i am installing steam it asked how much memory my graphic card has and i dont know how to find out help?

A. if it's discrete you should be able to look up the model number to find out.

For integrated, you need to dig in the bios and see how much RAM was set aside for video buffers.

Is it possible to run Ubuntu Linux from an external Hard Drive?
Q. I've been wanting to play around with Linux and learn how to use it. Is it possible to run / boot it from my external USB hard drive? Is this possible to do safely but still use the hard drive for storage when I'm using Vista?

A. Yes, you can run other OSs from removable media. I have heard of some people running Windows XP from a Compact Flash card. You would need to plug the device in, then reboot. You should see your normal BIOS load screen. Press the Setup function key, then select Boot> Boot device. Select USB External HardDrive or whatever, then reboot again.

How do I get Grand Chase on Linux Mint 7?
Q. What am suppose to do to get Grand Chase on Linux Mint? If I do get Grand Chase, will I be able to play it on Linux Mint 7?
If u can answer my question in a video tutorial that would be great, but if u cant/dont want to, u can always just explain it to me with as much detail as possible. Thanks in advanced.
By the way the only web browser I have in Linux mint 7 is Mozilla Firefox.

A. You can't run Grand Chase on Linux. You can only run it on Windows.



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If I saved Linux on a usb, could I use it on a school computer running windows?

Q. If I downloaded Linux OS onto a USB, can I put it into a school computer and run it on there? The computers run windows as do most organisations.

A. The usb ports are probably all disabled to begin with unless the admin is an idiot.

What Linux distribution can be installed and work properly from a 2-4gb flash drive?
Q. I have an Eee Asus 900 and the libraries for Xandros are old and I can't do as much as I'd like to on there. I'm considering downloading a different Linux OS to a flash drive but I wouldn't know which could work from there without problems.

A. You will want to go with go with;

For 2 GB
SliTaz Linux http://slitaz.org/en/
Bodhi Linux http://www.bodhilinux.com/
Puppy Linux http://puppylinux.org/main/Overview%20and%20Getting%20Started.htm

if you have 4 GB of memory, you could probably get away with installing something like Linux Mint Debian Edition http://www.linuxmint.com/ , Jupiter OS http://elementaryos.org/ , or Aurora OS http://www.auroraos.org/


I personally like Bodhi Linux when it comes to the eeepc.

Are there any stacker games that play on Linux OS?
Q. My 5 year old's computer runs on Linux OS. Its a Dell computer and can he download any Super Stacker games on it?

A. These seem to all be online flash games. Just install Adobe Flash on the computer (it is probably there already) and load up the page and play the games.



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Is there any software in linux for translating in Indian languages?

Q. I am searching for a linux software which will help me in translating pages of text into Indian languages.
Is there any software available for linux?

A. Have you installed the Language packages for your Linux distribution.

If the free market is as effective as Libertarians insist, then why are the most popular software programs?
Q. Also the worst ones on the market?

Microsoft sucks, the only company out there that's clearly worse than Microsoft is Apple. Linux software is free, and is FAR superior to either Windows or Apple, yet people are afraid to try Linux Mint or LibreOffice.

How can anyone try to claim that the free market is a superior means of distributing information when the modern state of software very clearly proves that is not the case?

A. The software is bad because the management wants it to be bad. The capabilities of our computers is limited in order to increase profits for the big companies. Apple is particularly guilty of preventing their hardware from being compatible with popular software that isn't theirs. A good example is the recent update that prevents Google Maps from working on Apple products.

What's the best software to make simple 3d images ?
Q. Say, comparable to n64 level characters?


I can use either windows or Linux software. Blender has been getting on my nerves because it won't work on Linux and I haven't gotten to downloading on windows yet

A. Blender Website
http://www.blender.org/

Blender 3D: Noob to Pro (Wiki Book)
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Blender_3D:_Noob_to_Pro



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Is there a way to reset the stats for the Linux command df?

Q. For a while now whenever I use the command df in Linux it shows that one of my partitions is full but if I use the du -ac command it shows that I am using only 4.2 of 7.8 Gigs of storage. Is there a way to reset the stats for the Linux command df?

A. Df and du do not measure the same exact things. You can google for: df VS du and see a lot of explanations.

Where do I find source code of linux commands?
Q. Linux commands like cp, dir, ls, shred, man (etc...) are nothing but programs (hopefully all written in C). I would really like to know exactly how they work (and make a few modifications to some) so I need their source code...
Can you tell me where to find source code of linux commands?
Thank you in advance!

A. In general there are several places you can go to get the source for these commands. This is mostly because there can be several different implementations of the commands.

1) The company who distributed your version of Linux. Most versions of these types of commands are under the GPL and as such the person or company who gave you the executable has to make a copy of the source code available to you. Usually these are released as source rpms, and some times come on one of the CDs or DVDs that you used to install Linux with. You can often find them on the web too.

For example the RHEL5 Server source rpm (SRPM) is
ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/redhat/linux/enterprise/5Server/en/os/SRPMS/coreutils-5.97-12.1.el5.src.rpm

Most of the time your distribution will have a tool like yum to install these and other rpms for you.

2) www.gnu.org
GNU probably wrote the commands that are on your distribution of Linux, although a few very specialized distros use different implementations of the commands (Usually busybox http://www.busybox.net/ but this is really rare).

http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/
has instructions on how to download a very recent copy of the code, which may be much much newer then the version currently installed on your computer.

NOTE:

Some shells, like tcsh and csh have their own implementations of these commands built into them. This is because it is faster to run the command as part of your shell then to fork and exec a new command. So if you do change them be sure to check that you are actually running your updated version. BASH usually does not play these games but you can always check by running which followed by the name of your command.

How to capture C and CPP files in the linux operating system?
Q. I am new to linux and have been trying to figure this out forever for a homework assignment! I am supposed to use appropriate linux commands to capture all "C or CPP" files in the linux operating system and make a list of the files. I am using Xubuntu. I am a beginner and could use any advice! Thanks!

A. What does it mean to capture a file??

If you mean to find the files and list the results, use the 'find' command to search for *.c and *.cpp files in the whole system. You will get the result on the screen, and you can redirect the output to a file.

To find *.c files:
find / -name *.c

To find *.cpp files:
find / -name *.cpp

Explanation: the "/" means to start the search at the top of the file system, meaning that the search will include all the system. The "-name" means to search by name, and "*.c" is the file pattern you want to find.

To redirect the output, use "> output_file" for example:
find / -name *.cpp > output_file

Hope it helps. See the manual page 'man find' to learn more.



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Is the Linux market share increasing or has it stabilized?

Q. Is the Linux market share increasing or has it stabilized?

A. It is on the increase. At my employer we use embedded Linux , enterprise Linux, as well as small device Linux (Android).

Perhaps the enterprise sector is growing the fastest (Redhat, Centos, Novel Suse, and IBM).

Google Android is taking over the smart phone market.

MAC OS is for all practical purposes Linux.

what will happened to the drivers of my pc if i change from win7 to MAC or Linux?
Q. i am planning to change my OS from windows 7 to MAC or Linux but i am quite afraid that if i do it, the drivers in my printer, camera, motherboard, bluetooth, joystick, ect. won't work anymore.
i just wanna confirm, if my doubts are correct that the drivers that i have right now will no longer work if ever i install MAC or Linux.
i also wanna ask your advice with what versions of MAC/Linux should i use? and why?

A. linux and mac also have built-in drivers
but some of your drivers have to reinstall them (with Linux and mac versions)


i will recommend you Linux

Linux Advantages (short)
Open Source
its free
less virus

Linux Advantages (full description)

#1 Low cost: You donât need to spend time and money to obtain licenses since Linux and much of its software come with the GNU General Public License. You can start to work immediately without worrying that your software may stop working anytime because the free trial version expires. Additionally, there are large repositories from which you can freely download high quality software for almost any task you can think of.


#2 Stability: Linux doesnât need to be rebooted periodically to maintain performance levels. It doesnât freeze up or slow down over time due to memory leaks and such. Continuous up-times of hundreds of days (up to a year or more) are not uncommon.


#3 Performance: Linux provides persistent high performance on workstations and on networks. It can handle unusually large numbers of users simultaneously, and can make old computers sufficiently responsive to be useful again.


# 4 Network friendliness: Linux was developed by a group of programmers over the Internet and has therefore strong support for network functionality; client and server systems can be easily set up on any computer running Linux. It can perform tasks such as network backups faster and more reliably than alternative systems.


#5 Flexibility: Linux can be used for high performance server applications, desktop applications, and embedded systems. You can save disk space by only installing the components needed for a particular use. You can restrict the use of specific computers by installing for example only selected office applications instead of the whole suite.


#6 Compatibility: It runs all common Unix software packages and can process all common file formats.

#7 Choice: The large number of Linux distributions gives you a choice. Each distribution is developed and supported by a different organization. You can pick the one you like best; the core functionalities are the same; most software runs on most distributions.

#8 Full use of hard disk: Linux continues work well even when the hard disk is almost full.

#9 Multitasking: Linux is designed to do many things at the same time; e.g., a large printing job in the background wonât slow down your other work.

#10 Security: Linux is one of the most secure operating systems. âWallsâ and flexible file access permission systems prevent access by unwanted visitors or viruses. Linux users have to option to select and safely download software, free of charge, from online repositories containing thousands of high quality packages. No purchase transactions requiring credit card numbers or other sensitive personal information are necessary.

#11 Open Source: If you develop software that requires knowledge or modification of the operating system code, Linuxâs source code is at your fingertips. Most Linux applications are Open Source as well.

How to format or wipe a compact flash that is used for an embedded operating system?
Q. I have an ATP 4GB Compact Flash that is used for a computer and not for photos or with a camera.
It is Linux OS and after I format it in Win XP, the files are still there. Is there a program such as Boot and Nuke(which is for IDE drives) that will wipe the compact flash clean??
I've also tried to fdisk/format in DOS which does not work either. Any suggestions?

A. I'd say you have a bigger problem. Formatting isn't typically conditional. You don't complete a format, only to find that there are still files a card or drive. When a new file table is applied to a media device, it should be destroying any data on the card. I would use the Windows Disk Utility to delete the partition on that card, and then apply a new format to the drive. Do not use the Quick Format option either.



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How do I establish a linux operatings system that would be similar to windows?

Q. Linux is free right. So if I have to buy a new hardrive, I won't need windows which is expensive. But how do I know which I should use. There seems to be many different linux operating system.

A. There are many flavours so you need to decide what you want to do with it (use it as a server, as a desktop etc). There are distributions who offer Live CD's. You boot up from a Live CD and are able to test that particular distribution without actually having to install it until you decide it's good for you.

Search on the net for tips about choosing a linux distribution.
http://wiki.linuxquestions.org/wiki/Choosing_a_Linux_distribution

Ubuntu should be good for a beginner.

How can I start Linux and what distribution do you think I should use?
Q. I want to use Linux because I have heard that it is significantly better than IE. My entire family is technologically inept and we only have one computer. How do you think I should start and what distribution do you recommend for a beginner who plans on programming and the like?Any helpful suggestions will be appreciated.

A. I thoroughly recommend two Linux distros.

Linux Mint 9 Main Edition which is based upon Ubuntu 10.04

Linux Mint Debian Edition (LMDE) which is based upon Debian Lenny/Squeeze

Both are easy to install and use plus they come with much of the software you are likely to need preinstalled

Linux Mint 9 Download
http://www.linuxmint.com/edition.php?id=52

The Perfect Desktop - Linux Mint 9 (Isadora)
http://www.howtoforge.com/the-perfect-desktop-linux-mint-9-isadora

Linux Mint Debian Download
http://www.linuxmint.com/edition.php?id=66

Linux Mint 9/Debian User Guide pdf.
http://www.linuxmint.com/rel_isadora.php
http://linuxmint.com/rel_debian.php

HowTo install Nvidia Graphics Drivers on Debian
http://wiki.debian.org/NvidiaGraphicsDrivers#Installapre-builtmodule

Alternatively install Linux Mint as a dual-boot with Windows using mint4win without partitioning mint4win works the same as Wubi as described below (not available on Linux Mint Debian)
http://www.psychocats.net/ubuntu/wubi

You keep Windows as it is, mint4win only adds an extra option to boot into Linux Mint. mint4win does not require you to modify the partitions of your PC, or to use a different bootloader, and does not install special drivers. It works just like any other application.

mint4win keeps most of the files in one folder, and if you do not like it, you can simply uninstall it as any other application.

Boot in to windows insert the Linux Mint LiveCD and you will offered the option of installing inside windows which is where the mint4win installer comes in, you will be asked how many gigabytes you wish to allocate to Linux Mint (I recommend 8gb) then you set a password for your installation then click install and thats it.

Once Linux Mint is fully installed upon starting your PC you will be given a choice of which operating system you want to use Windows or Linux Mint

You download the ISO. image of Linux Mint 9 or Linux Mint Debian then you need to create a Bootable LiveCD/DVD for installation

Linux Mint 9 and Linux Mint Debian can also be run direct from the LiveCD/DVD from Booting up without touching your Hard Drive




LUg.

How can I remove Linux from my computer and restore the partition space to windows?
Q. I have both Linux Mint 11 and windows 7 on my computer and I no longer want it on my computer so... ya, pretty much says it all in the title.

A. (NOTE: A page titled "How to uninstall Fedora" was added to the project wiki after this blog was published, as noted in the comment section below in a post titled "Contribution is easy.")

Try "remove Fedora."

Nothing.

Go to Ubuntu's official documentation site and search for "uninstall Ubuntu."

You won't find anything in the "official" documentation but in the "community" section you find two entries that state "Wubi allows you to install and uninstall Ubuntu...."

In an installed Ubuntu distribution, clicking on Help and searching for uninstalling or removing Ubuntu finds nothing. A link ârepeat the search online at the Ubuntu help pagesâ brings up a 404 â page not found.

If you look hard enough on the real community support pages you'll find a post from July 2007 titled "HowTo: Remove Ubuntu (& Restore Windows)" .

Have a cow
The post starts out: "Okay, I know some people are going to have a cow because I'm posting this."

(No kidding. Just take a look at the excoriating flames that are sure to appear in the comments section of this blog.)

OpenSUSE does better. A search there finds the page titled SDB:How to Uninstall Linux from December 2006. The page includes more than 1,300 words to describe various processes.

Go to Google and search "install Linux" and you get about 1,450,000 hits. Try "uninstall Linux" and you get about 16,800. "Remove Linux" gets you about 53,300.

Why is it so hard to find instructions to remove Linux and then so hard to actually do it?

Why can't you just easily find the uninstall procedure in a help file, and click a button and follow the instructions?

Windows makes it easy
Opening the Windows XP Help and Support Center and searching for "uninstall Windows" brings up, first thing, "Uninstall Windows XP" and a 5-step process from the Control Center.

Did you know that in a dual-boot install Linux will partition your hard disk and if you remove the partitions without restoring the Master Boot Record on your boot-up disk, your computer won't start?

Did you know you'll likely need separate applications such as fixmbr or fdisk or partitioning software to get your system back the way it was, hopefully having not lost any data? Or you may need to change a BIOS setting to boot to a Windows CD and use its "Recovery Console?" These all depend on your version of Linux. Again, openSUSE seems to do the best job in automating the process, with the "YaST2 Control Center."

Oh, and if that dual installation included Windows, and partitions were resized, "Microsoft does not support Windows installed on partitions manipulated in this manner."

So it's just you and that Linux documentation. Good luck.

Now, I don't have any great love for Windows and I like Linux. I really do. I'm going to use it and learn a lot more about it.

But if you're a newbie like me, you'd best be warned. Searching various Linux forums finds a lot of users who have had problems uninstalling the OS and have lost data in the process.

Go back to Windoze? You're stupid
And while there are some helpful Linux aficionados who try to help these people out -- and others searching for uninstall help -- there are too many posters who take the attitude along the lines of: "Why would you want to uninstall Linux? That's crazy. You must be stupid to want to go back to Windoze."

If you want to try Linux out while keeping Windows, it's a real good idea to try it from a "live" Linux CD/DVD instead of installing it on a hard disk. Iâve tried several. The response is slower, of course, but you get an idea of how it works and donât risk losing anything. For Ubuntu the Wubi installer accomplishes the same thing by treating Ubuntu as a Windows application.

Do your homework
If you do install Linux on a disk, make sure you do a full system backup. And make sure you have a bootable "rescue" or "system" CD. And really do your homework. Read up on disk partitioning and logical volumes and extended partitions and mounts; and GRUB and LILO bootloaders; and NTFS, FAT 32 and ext3 file systems; and gparted and maybe the commercial app Partition Magic -- which supposedly merges/resizes partitions without destroying data -- and so on.

Then read it all again. And be careful our there.



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How to install a Unix operating system while still having windows?

Q. I want to be able to go in between a windows and Unix operating system. What is the best way to do this?? Are there any really good examples on the web that could help me with this?

Thanks

A. Big Ubuntu fan here too. Unix rules. You don't HAVE to have another partition, if you don't want to mess with your Windows partition you can get another hard drive, like a little 160gb one for $40 should be plenty. then you can install Unix on that and dual-boot. Dual-booting is where you turn on the computer and it will give you a menu of which operating system you want to boot into. you can even set a default and a timer so if you haven't made a selection in 5, 10, 20 or so seconds it will automatically go to the default.

If you only want to play around a little bit with different versions before jumping in and doing surgery, look into LiveCD's. Many Linux/Unix versions have LiveCD versions now. A LiveCD is a CD disk with a work install of that OS on it, you just insert the CD and boot up the computer and if the computer is set to check the CD for bootable content it will pop up a menu saying "boot from CD without modifying hard drive?" and you hit enter and it will boot up that OS. Everything it does just runs in RAM so you can't save anything to the hard drive, but it lets you get a feel for the interface, surf the web if it was able to detect your internet connection, play some games etc... LiveCD's are a great tool too because you can make them get into your hard drive if you want, so if a virus has ruined your Windows installation and you want to get your important files out before formatting it, you can use a LiveCD to copy all your files to thumbdrive or to an internet server or email them to yourself etc... Ubuntu is my favorite version for computers built in the last 5 years. Computers older than that run better on Xubuntu, which is a scaled-down version of Ubuntu. In fact I'm on Xubuntu now on an old 700mhz computer.

for a little bit on versions, Ubuntu seems to be the best for home use, like if you want your kids to have a computer to play games on where they can't just errantly delete files and ruin the computer, and they can't click on a popup and get a virus it is great. Xubuntu is about the same but for Older computers. Also Edubuntu is good for kids because it is Ubuntu with a lot more kids games installed. Another one I liked was Fedora. Fedora is based on Redhat and gets the very latest in app updates, so you get the latest and greatest cutting edge stuff, though it can be a little buggy due to being so cutting edge. Centos is also based on redhat, but updates go through more testing before being released for Centos. Centos is very closely related to Redhat Enterprise Edition, so it is sort of the go-to OS for companies looking for a stable and free server operating system. I know a few people that run Centos on their home computers as well, it has a similar interface to Ubuntu so it is very usable as a home machine too, just not quite as ready-to-go as far as games and music and movies, but still can do all that stuff if you google how-to sites. The last one I'll mention is Mint. Mint Linux is supposed to be great at home computing and server computing but I haven't tried it yet, I've heard great reviews about it from several people so it's probably worth a try.

Oh one more, I heard they released Solaris for free for x86 cpu's, Solaris is "real Unix" so if you need to study real Unix in a way that Linux won't cover then that could be worth a try.

Oh one more, Slackware, it is the "open hood" version of Linux/Unix that is geared toward programming, so if you are looking to get into coding and computer science then slackware may be the way to go.

What's the best version to of UNIX Operating System to use with Dell 4100?
Q. I am new to UNIX Operating System and am interested to know what version of it is the best one to use on a Dell 4100?

Whats the difference from Linux and UNIX?

Is one any better then the other? If so why?

What are the links to the best web sights to down load Linux of UNIX?

Any other info regarding this topic would be fine.

A. UNIX is a specification. There are many "UNIX" operating systems, such as Solaris, HP-UX, AIX, and Mac OS X. Linux is an operating system kernel that implements most or all of the features of UNIX but is not certified as such.

When it comes to running UNIX on generic hardware, you're pretty much limited to Solaris. All other forms of UNIX have specific hardware platforms. Solaris may run on your system if you have maxed out the RAM, although it may still be slow.

Linux supports a wider variety of hardware, is free, and can be tailored to almost any systems specs. As such, I would generally say it is "better", unless there is some specific application that won't run on Linux, or your goal specifically is to learn UNIX administration. The command line tools provided with most Linux distros aren't strictly POSIX compliant and will work slightly differently than the standard UNIX ones.

Downloads:

http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/server-storage/solaris11/downloads/index.html?ssSourceSiteId=ocomen - Solaris
http://www.ubuntu.com/ - Ubuntu
http://xubuntu.org/ - Xubuntu (may run faster on your system)
http://www.centos.org/ - CentOS (based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux, an Enterprise-grade Linux distro)
http://www.debian.org/ - Debian (my personal favorite)

What unix operating system should I install on my macbook?
Q. I saw here a list of some unix operating systems: http://www.tech-faq.com/download-unix.shtml

Which would be recommended to be installed on my macbook? (Please tell me whether the operating system is known to work without problems on a mac.) I am a comp. sci. student.

A. I don't think you need to install Unix on MAC since MAC OS X is itself built on Unix OS.

All functionality of unix is present in OS X.
Search for origin of OSX on wikipedia.

If you would still like to try another flavour of linux try Ubuntu since it is easy to install and you can first try it using Live CD.



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Where do I download the latest version of iPod linux to be installed from an IBM compatible?

Q. I am looking for the latest version of iPod linux to be installed from an IBM compatible onto an iPod Classic, which according to Wikipedia will run up to iPod Classic, generation 6. Can you provide a link(s) where I can download the installer, preferably one with a grub or multi-boot, so that I can leave the factory installed Apple software as well. I would also interested in links to Linux software which would run on this version of iPod linux.

A. It looks like you are trying to use your iPod as a computer and that's not what it was designed for. I don't know of anybody who has ever done what you are trying to achieve.

Can you change your Linux Software into Windows Vista?
Q. I got a laptop and I am fed up with the Linux software in it! Is there any free programs where I can download my Linux to Vista? Links appreciated! I was just wondering if there any Mac Links too? Thank you

A. You would have to buy windows vista, and then reformat your hard drive and install vista on it.

Is Isilo software compatible with the enTourage Edge E-Reader?
Q. I have an enTourage EBook reader with the Linux with Andriod Google operating system. Do I use the Isilo for Andriod software or the IsiloX for Linux software?

A. Some are. It depends on your version.



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I need an easy to follow, step by step guide to get linux installed with my flash drive?

Q. I have an eee pc, so no cd drive. However, I have a computer with a cd drive, and I have a cd that will install linux. I need to know how to get the installation on my flash drive so I can get linux on my eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee pc.

Halp meh! I needz me some ubuntu!

By the way I want to completely get ridda windows.

A. This works well

http://www.pendrivelinux.com/universal-usb-installer-easy-as-1-2-3/

Sorry you want a guide, it's easy

Download whichever Ubuntu release you want.
Download Pendrive Linux
Tell it which version you have and the drive letter for the USB, you may want to allow it to format the usb first.

It does it's work pretty quickly.

If you want to make changes to the Ubuntu OS that are saved make sure you tell it to make it Preserve then select whichever size according to your usb

How do you clear a pendrive COMPLETELY of viruses?
Q. Whatever I do , how much ever I format my 8 GB transcend pendrive, when I plug it in my PC, it says malware/spyware/ some unwanted thing detected.
How to get rid of viruses for good?

Also is it possible for electronic media like DVD players, guitar processors, musical keyboards to get VIRUS INFECTED if they are connected to infected computers?

A. Don't format ur pendrive with windows format. Instead use "HP USB Disk Format tool". Else delete unnecessary files on linux. MUST- use a FIREWALL(Windows Firewall is a Trash anyway) and a good antivirus.

How do you boot linux from a flash drive?
Q. I am looking for the best linux os distro that could boot straight from my flash drive.

Something like knoppix but for flash.

Another question, with that, can you access the hard drive and store information? Like to fix a windows machine?

A. You can run this of CD, USB, and even in RAM
http://www.damnsmalllinux.org/

To intall to USB drive:
First, boot up your computer from the DSL livecd, frugal, or USB-frugal. Note that it is not possible to do a USB install, or any other kind of install from a DSL Embedded system.

In the Fluxbox menu, go Apps >> Tools >> Install to USB Pendrive and choose either USB-ZIP emulation or USB-HDD emulation, depending on what is supported by your computer's bios.



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How do I turn my Ubuntu/Linux PC into a server for my Windows 7 PC?

Q. Is this a good idea? Will my Windows PC get extra protection since I will be going on the Internet using the Ubuntu as a server, as an intermediary? How difficult is it to do this?

A. This question is pretty poorly designed. There is no "Server for windows" in Linux. You can do several things with linux and connect/use them from windows though. You can make linux a firewall and router, connect it to your cable/dsl modem so you can have multiple computers use your internet connection at one time. You can run web, ftp, and other servers for files and web pages. You can also run Samba which allows you to access and store files on the linux hard driver over the network. linux also makes a GREAT extension to your windows environment using things like xdmcp, rdp, ssh, scp. if you do not know what any of these terms are, google is your buddy. You can also set up a web proxy using linux and this could definitely be used to increase your web browsing security in windows by blocking malicious web sites. Pretty much anything you want to do with Linux is limited by you and your willingness to learn.

Nothing is simple click and go in linux. You have to be willing to experiemnt, read, and learn.

How do you transfer files from the command line in Red Hat Linux?
Q. I'm trying to transfer files from a Fedora Core to the host server, which is a Red Hat v 8. How do I do it from the command line?

A. Well there are several ways to do this. They depend on what servers are running on the host machine. If you can ssh to the host server, then the best way is "scp <filename> <host machine>:<filename>". If this is not setup you can try ftp or one of the disk sharing protocols like Samba or NFS.

What is the difference between the scp and sftp utilities in Linux?
Q.

A. man scp
man sftp



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Can you load Linux on a USB drive then boot to it on a Windows machine to read all the data?

Q. I was thinking about PC security and it occurred to me that no matter what you do to protect a Windows file system, couldn't you just boot to a USB linux system and then read anything off the hard drive you wanted?

A. That is why passwords for booting are important and not allowing the computer to boot from any other device. And using a password for login is also important.
Although the rule of thumb for security is if someone has physical access to the computer you cannot prevent them owning the computer.

If you were to boot a machine on a usb flash drive linux?
Q. If you were to boot a machine on a usb flash drive linux,
will your machine be safe?
will the linux be sanboxed in?
or can viruses get onto your machine?

A. Since Linux can write to an NTFS partition, if you saved downloads you did in Linux to your Windows partition, it would be the same as using Windows to do it. How the files get there doesn't matter. If you turned the drive off and the flash drive was the only drive in the computer, all you could ruin was the Linux installation on the flash drive. (That's why Freesco is virus-proof - as long as you have a back-up floppy. If one gets hacked or virused, just boot with the other one and make the bad one a backup of the good one.)

How do I install Linux mint debian xfce or linux mint debian gnome?
Q. I am wondering how do you install Linux mint Debian on a USB stick from Linux mint 11 lxde or lubuntu 11.10. I tried the start up disk creator but nothing came up and it only recognized my USB drive how to i install the Debian edition of Linux mint off of Linux mint lxde or lubuntu if the start up disk creator wont recognize the image I downloaded.

A. you need to be running on either a Live CD or a Live USB to install an OS.
I use a USB because it is quick and simple, and I like to recycle.
I believe there are other tools but I use unetbootin to configure the USB stick
unetbootin can be installed from the Software Manager
information on unetbootin here> http://unetbootin.sourceforge.net/



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What is the linux command to obtain the PID number of a specific program running?

Q. I'm tired to use the "top" and search around for the PID of a program that I know is running on a remote terminal, left open by someone else, and that I want to kill. I wonder if there is a linux command that would return the PID of only that program.

A. ps aux | grep processname
or
pidof processname

How to enter password by linux command?
Q. As the title.I would like to find out How to enter password by linux command?

eg: when you write a script to sudo root. then you will be asked to enter password.
how can i do it by linux script? Is there a command can do the job?
Thanks in advance.

A. Don't. just run sudo script instead of trying to put sudo into the script.

Is there a way to reset the stats for the Linux command df?
Q. For a while now whenever I use the command df in Linux it shows that one of my partitions is full but if I use the du -ac command it shows that I am using only 4.2 of 7.8 Gigs of storage. Is there a way to reset the stats for the Linux command df?

A. Df and du do not measure the same exact things. You can google for: df VS du and see a lot of explanations.



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Where do I find source code of linux commands?

Q. Linux commands like cp, dir, ls, shred, man (etc...) are nothing but programs (hopefully all written in C). I would really like to know exactly how they work (and make a few modifications to some) so I need their source code...
Can you tell me where to find source code of linux commands?
Thank you in advance!

A. In general there are several places you can go to get the source for these commands. This is mostly because there can be several different implementations of the commands.

1) The company who distributed your version of Linux. Most versions of these types of commands are under the GPL and as such the person or company who gave you the executable has to make a copy of the source code available to you. Usually these are released as source rpms, and some times come on one of the CDs or DVDs that you used to install Linux with. You can often find them on the web too.

For example the RHEL5 Server source rpm (SRPM) is
ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/redhat/linux/enterprise/5Server/en/os/SRPMS/coreutils-5.97-12.1.el5.src.rpm

Most of the time your distribution will have a tool like yum to install these and other rpms for you.

2) www.gnu.org
GNU probably wrote the commands that are on your distribution of Linux, although a few very specialized distros use different implementations of the commands (Usually busybox http://www.busybox.net/ but this is really rare).

http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/
has instructions on how to download a very recent copy of the code, which may be much much newer then the version currently installed on your computer.

NOTE:

Some shells, like tcsh and csh have their own implementations of these commands built into them. This is because it is faster to run the command as part of your shell then to fork and exec a new command. So if you do change them be sure to check that you are actually running your updated version. BASH usually does not play these games but you can always check by running which followed by the name of your command.

What would it take to make you change from Windows to Linux?
Q. Personally I would switch tomorrow if all of the software I used was compatible with Linux.

I hope that with the average person coming out of school being more computer savy these days we will see more and more software developers releasing Linux versions.
I have tried Linux in the past and wasn't very fond of it, at that time I was not aware of all the different types available such as Red Hat and Ubuntu. There are versions out there easy to get to grips with and similar to Windows.

A. A direct port of Microsoft Office not a watered down version like they made for Mac. I have tried open office I don't like it.

More automation, I would like to be abe to double click an install file and have it install - I hate hate HATE using the Linux command terminal it is like pulling teeth.

A better IM client I think kMess and GAIM are crap - and a better music player I don't like amarok and WinAmp style media players I just don't like them and I won't 'get used to them over time'.

Did I mention how much I hate using the terminal?

Better games, Linux supports OpenGL and has tonnes of C++ compilers etc, there really is no excuse for not having better games.

Faster boot times, every version of Linux I have tried took ages to boot and my PC isn't exactly low spec, its got a Core 2 Duo @ 1.83ghz with 2 gigs of RAM it shouldn't take so long to boot.

And finally I really like to nosey around and change things when I muck up Windows its easy to restore, Linux isn't I want better recovery options for when theings do go wong because the always do.

I don't ask for much really.

why is the UK version of yahoo home page defaulting to mobile in Linux versions of chrome?
Q. I'm using Ubuntu both i386 and 64bit and the latest version of chrome downloaded from Google its happening on several machines I'm using. Is there some kind of global account setting that would do this?

A. Does it happen when you are logged out or only when logged in?

Have you tried clearing your cache?

If it happens only when you login, it is an account setting.

If it goes away after clearing your cache, you may have visited a link to the mobile site and a cookie got set for it.

If it is happening when you are logged out and you have cleared your cache, it is probably related to your user agent.

You could use the following command to change your user agent to that of an IE9 browser:

google-chrome --user-agent="Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0)"

If this fixes it, which it should, you would want to check your current user-agent and see if there is anything weird about it. Changing your user agent should only be a temporary solution, it can cause problems long term.



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How can i access a RAID partition from Linux?

Q. I am playing around with Mandriva, a distribution of Linux. I have windows installed on a separate RAID 0+1 setup and i want to access my files from Mandriva. How can i do this? I'm reading about samba shares but i'm not so sure I understand. Is there a directory i can just type in to access my windows partition?

A. Just mount the partition.

How can I mount a disk I unmounted on my Mac?
Q. I ejected one of my hard drives by accident and when I tried to mount it again, it says "Mount failed. Try running first aid on the disk and then retry mounting. I ran first aid (both verify and repair disk) and that failed as well. It's an almost new disk with all my most important files (of course). The recommended action by First Aid is to erase and reformat.

A. If you're familiar with the Terminal application you could try getting the drive mounted via the command line. The programs you'll likely need are "fsck" to make sure the partition is clean and "mount" to actually mount the partition. Unfortunately those tools have a bit of a learning curve if you don't have any UNIX/Linux background.

Another option is other GUI-based disk/mount utilities. "Mount Me!" has worked for some people but I haven't had a need for it personally.

My computer memory is split in to two drives on linux, How to utilize it?
Q. I'm not very pro-efficient at using Linux yet. My laptop has 320GB of memory but on this partition I only have 90GB or less. How to open the other partition or make use of the rest of my memory?

A. Your drive is split into partitions, your memory isn't split.

Just make a mount point and mount the other partition.



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Which is the smallest Unix operating system and how do I download it?

Q. I just want to practice Unix commands and start learning shell scripting and what is kernel. Cold you tell me the earliest and/or the smallest version of Unix, I Don't need Graphical User interface for the time being. I need the Unix to be the smallest to be practiced in with smallest space required for RAM and Hard disk.
Thanks Martino I will try that but could you tell me any version of Unix that is of the size about 2 MB like MS Dos.

A. You could try Minix 2.0, which is available in floppy disk images for 8088 or 80386, or Cygwin, which is a Unix-like shell environment for Windows.

What is a good and free tutorial on using Unix covering the basics as well as some more advanced features?
Q. I would like the tutorial to be comprehensive and help me build a better foundation when working in a Unix terminal. I currently use a unix shell quite frequently and know basic commands but would like to expand my knowledge of using the terminal.

Include any cool tips or tricks you know.
Thank you. This is very useful.

A. http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Teaching/Unix/unixintro.html

http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Teaching/Unix/

http://snap.nlc.dcccd.edu/learn/idaho/unixindex.html

i would start with the first, link this is the intro and then you can move onto the other 2 links and this will give you all the guide.

How do I hook up to a HP UNIX system using a XP Windows PC and run applications using VPN?
Q. We have an HP UNIX system (1986 - 1993) that is running software on it. I am at a remote site and connect to the network using VPN. After connecting to the network using VPN, I can telnet to the HP UNIX station, but cannot run any applications. I need to run a UNIX system software package, as though I am sitting behind the XP Windows system - Is this possible? What software would be required, and how would I go about hooking it up to make it work?

A. You should be able to create a telnet session to the Unix box right from your desktop (without using the VPN), using something like Attachmate's Reflections.

You can use the VPN then to connect to the network and run your applications.



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How can I build a Linux Distro?

Q. I have downloaded the latest stable kernel. How can I make a linux distro from scratch? What do I need?

A. Linux From Scratch (LFS) is a project that provides you with step-by-step instructions for building your own custom Linux system, entirely from source code.
http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/

Alternatively, you can easily customize your own Slax linux live right from your browser. If you are new to Linux you probably want to start with something like that.
http://www.slax.org/

Other Linux Distros
http://distrowatch.com/

What are some lightweight linux distros that look good?
Q. I'm looking for a lightweight Linux distro that doesn't look horrible.

A. Sorry to say they look horrible because they are lightweight :P they cut out all the fancy looks to make it lightweight

Here are to good ones.

http://www.puppylinux.org/

http://www.damnsmalllinux.org/

What would be my best choice for a linux distro?
Q. i have a dell inspiron 1525. what would be my best choice for a linux distro? could someone maybe point me to a website with the most amount of info on the subject? i'm new to linux and would definately want to learn more about it.

A. I'd suggest Ubuntu or Linuxmint.

http://www.ubuntu.com/

http://www.linuxmint.com/

Ubuntu ought to be the best linux distro around.

Linuxmint is easier on beginner who just make transition from windows to linux

Well, i don't want to stuff you with bunch of confusing information.

Just download the image file from the web-site. Burn it onto a blank CD and boot live from it (it means you get to use it without messing up anything)

For ubuntu, you can try WUBI if you're afraid of repartitioning and mess up everything

http://wubi-installer.org/

Have fun exploring the best operating systems on earth



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What is the best equipment I should get in order to create a media center?

Q. I want to create a Media Centre in my living room -- would like some help with respect to what PC + other equipment I should buy and what types of software I should use in order to create a cool media center (e.g. to watch/record TV, browse internet, listen to music, look at photos etc)

A. If you are interested in non-Windows solution, I would definitely recommend MythTV on Linux with a Hauppauge PVR250/350 TV tuner card. It is very powerful and comes with all the features you want and more. It requires some time to set up but once you do, believe me, its worth it.

How do I hook up a Linux computer to the internet using an XP host?
Q. I am running Fedora Core 5 on my laptop and I have Windows XP Media Center on my desktop which is connected to the internet via LAN. I want to know how I can connect to the internet from my laptop using my desktop's net connection. I already have all the physical connections set up (network adapters and cable) and I'm already using my network for file sharing. Please don't offer any suggestions on using Linux as host (I already know how much safer it is). I want help on dealing with situation as it.

Incidentally, I'm also facing trouble using ICS from my XP partition on the laptop. It used to work flawlessly before, but I think after I installed Fedora it stopped working (although file and printer sharing areOK). I ran the ICS wizard again on each comp, but it didn't work. Any suggestions on what might cause that?

A. First of all ICS or a proxy service are the way to go.
XP is a bit limited with other choices. If you already
had ICS set up for the XP partition the same settings
will work for the fedora one.

For the other part. No. Linux has nothing to do with it.
The ICS configuration ist just settings within the XP
partition. Linux can't change that. You have recently
installed a firewall or made some firewall rule changes
on either of the crates?

Are there any programs like Windows Media Center for the Mac?
Q. Mac comes with Front Row, but that is not a good program like Windows Media Center. I would preferably would like to watch TV on my Mac. If there are any alternatives to Windows Media Center only available for the PC then tell me. I can run VMWare fusion and run windows on my mac too however I don't think I have enough memory space or processor cards installed for me to be able to do that. I got Windows Vista Basic (it didn't come with Media Center)

A. Freevo
XBMC
MediaPortal
Elisa
GB-PVR

and also there are a number of linux Media Centre operating systems
* GeeXboX
* LinuxMCE
* KnoppMyth
* Mythbuntu
* Mythdora
* Linpus



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